Genes4Pet

Bibliografia scientifica

Gli studi pubblicati su riviste internazionali utilizzati per costruire gli intervalli di riferimento e l’interpretazione dei referti sul microbiota intestinale, distinti per cane e gatto.

Canis lupus familiaris

Riferimenti bibliografici — Cane

Letteratura veterinaria su microbiota intestinale, enteropatie croniche, indice di disbiosi, dieta, terapie antibiotiche e probiotiche nel cane.

  1. 1.A comprehensive analysis of gut and skin microbiota in canine atopic dermatitis in Shiba Inu dogs. Microbiome, 2023. doi:10.1186/s40168-023-01671-2
  2. 2.Abellan-Schneyder I. et al. Primer, pipelines, parameters: issues in 16S rRNA gene sequencing. mSphere, 2021;6(1):e01202-20.
  3. 3.Age-associated changes in intestinal health biomarkers in dogs. Front Vet Sci, 2023;10:1213287.
  4. 4.Age-related changes in gut health and behavioral biomarkers in a Beagle dog population. Animals, 2025;15(2):234.
  5. 5.Allenspach K., House A., Smith K. et al. Evaluation of mucosal bacteria and histopathology, clinical disease activity and expression of Toll-like receptors in German Shepherd dogs with chronic enteropathies. Vet Microbiol, 2010;146(3-4):326-335.
  6. 6.AlShawaqfeh M.K., Wajid B., Minamoto Y. et al. A dysbiosis index to assess microbial changes in fecal samples of dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy. FEMS Microbiol Ecol, 2017;93(11):fix136.
  7. 7.An insight into the gut microbiota of healthy and allergic West Highland White Terrier dogs. 2025. PMC12385407
  8. 8.Asaduzzaman M., Oláh P., Yaseen N.J., Taifi A., Járay T., Gulyás G., Boldogkoi Z., Tombácz D. Longitudinal long-read microbiome profiling in a canine model reveals how age, diet, and birth mode shape gut community dynamics. mSystems, 2026;11:e01279-25. doi:10.1128/msystems.01279-25
  9. 9.Barko P.C., McMichael M.A., Swanson K.S., Williams D.A. The gastrointestinal microbiome: a review. J Vet Intern Med, 2018;32(1):9-25.
  10. 10.Bermingham E.N., Maclean P., Thomas D.G., Cave N.J., Young W. Key bacterial families (Clostridiaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae and Bacteroidaceae) are related to the digestion of protein and energy in dogs. PeerJ, 2017;5:e3019.
  11. 11.Blake A.B., Cigarroa A., Klein H.L., Khattab M.R., Keating T., Van De Coevering P., Lidbury J.A., Steiner J.M., Suchodolski J.S. Developmental stages in microbiota, bile acids, and clostridial species in healthy puppies. J Vet Intern Med, 2020;34(6):2345-2356. doi:10.1111/jvim.15928
  12. 12.Blake A.B., Guard B.C., Honneffer J.B., Lidbury J.A., Steiner J.M., Suchodolski J.S. Altered microbiota, fecal lactate, and fecal bile acids in dogs with gastrointestinal disease. PLoS ONE, 2019;14(10):e0224454. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0224454
  13. 13.Cavalieri D. et al. A comparison between Greengenes, SILVA, RDP and NCBI reference databases in four published microbiota datasets. bioRxiv, 2023.
  14. 14.Chaitman J., Ziese A.L., Pilla R., Minamoto Y., Blake A.B., Guard B.C., Isaiah A., Lidbury J.A., Steiner J.M., Unterer S., Suchodolski J.S. Fecal microbial and metabolic profiles in dogs with acute diarrhea receiving either fecal microbiota transplantation or oral metronidazole. Front Vet Sci, 2020;7:192. doi:10.3389/fvets.2020.00192
  15. 15.Chun J.L. et al. Difference of gut microbiota composition based on the body condition scores in dogs. J Anim Sci Technol, 2020;62(2):239-246.
  16. 16.Combrink L. et al. Best practice for wildlife gut microbiome research: a comprehensive review of methodology for 16S rRNA gene investigations. Front Microbiol, 2023;14:1092216.
  17. 17.Comparison of the gut microbiome between atopic and healthy dogs – preliminary data. Animals, 2022;12(18):2377.
  18. 18.Deng P., Swanson K.S. Gut microbiota of humans, dogs and cats: current knowledge and future opportunities and challenges. Br J Nutr, 2015;113(S1):S6-S17.
  19. 19.Dysbiosis index and fecal concentrations of sterols, long-chain fatty acids and unconjugated bile acids in dogs with inflammatory protein-losing enteropathy. Front Microbiol, 2024;15:1433175.
  20. 20.Foster M.L., Dowd S.E., Stephenson C., Steiner J.M., Suchodolski J.S. Characterization of the fungal microbiome (mycobiome) in fecal samples from dogs. Vet Med Int, 2013:658373.
  21. 21.Fung T.C. et al. Intestinal serotonin and fluoxetine exposure modulate bacterial colonization in the gut. Nat Microbiol, 2019. (modello murino: meccanismo, non evidenza canina)
  22. 22.Garcia-Mazcorro J.F., Dowd S.E., Poulsen J., Steiner J.M., Suchodolski J.S. Abundance and short-term temporal variability of fecal microbiota in healthy dogs. MicrobiologyOpen, 2012;1(3):340-347.
  23. 23.Garrigues Q., Apper E., Chastant S., Mila H. Gut microbiota development in the growing dog: a dynamic process influenced by maternal, environmental and host factors. Front Vet Sci, 2022;9:964649. doi:10.3389/fvets.2022.964649
  24. 24.Gramenzi A. et al. Modulation of canine gut microbiota by prebiotic and probiotic supplements: a long-term in vitro study using a novel colonic fermentation model. Animals, 2024;14:3342.
  25. 25.Guard B.C., Mila H., Steiner J.M., Mariani C., Suchodolski J.S., Chastant-Maillard S. Characterization of the fecal microbiome during neonatal and early pediatric development in puppies. PLoS ONE, 2017;12(4):e0175718. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0175718
  26. 26.Gut microbiota variation in aging dogs with osteoarthritis. 2025. PMC12153520
  27. 27.Handl S., Dowd S.E., Garcia-Mazcorro J.F., Steiner J.M., Suchodolski J.S. Massive parallel 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing reveals highly diverse fecal bacterial and fungal communities in healthy dogs and cats. FEMS Microbiol Ecol, 2011;76(2):301-310.
  28. 28.Harvey N.D. How old is my dog? Identification of rational age groupings in pet dogs based upon normative age-linked processes. Front Vet Sci, 2021;8:643085. doi:10.3389/fvets.2021.643085
  29. 29.Hullar M.A.J., Lampe J.W., Torok-Storb B.J., Harkey M.A. The canine gut microbiome is associated with higher risk of gastric dilatation-volvulus and high risk genetic variants of the immune system. PLoS ONE, 2018;13(6):e0197686.
  30. 30.Insight into the fecal microbiota signature associated with growth specificity in Korean Jindo dogs using 16S rRNA sequencing. 2022. PMC9558516
  31. 31.Isaiah A., Parambeth J.C., Steiner J.M., Lidbury J.A., Suchodolski J.S. The fecal microbiome of dogs with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Anaerobe, 2017;45:50-58.
  32. 32.Jensen A.P., Bjørnvad C.R. Clinical effect of probiotics in prevention or treatment of gastrointestinal disease in dogs: a systematic review. J Vet Intern Med, 2019;33(5):1849-1864.
  33. 33.Karlin E.T., Rush J.E., Freeman L.M. A pilot study investigating circulating trimethylamine N-oxide and its precursors in dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease with or without congestive heart failure. J Vet Intern Med, 2019;33:46-53.
  34. 34.Kerr K.R., Forster G., Dowd S.E., Ryan E.P., Swanson K.S. Effects of dietary cooked navy bean on the fecal microbiome of healthy companion dogs. PLoS ONE, 2013;8(9):e74998.
  35. 35.Kirchoff N.S., Udell M.A.R., Sharpton T.J. The gut microbiome correlates with conspecific aggression in a small population of rescued dogs. PeerJ, 2019;7:e6103.
  36. 36.Klindworth A. et al. Evaluation of general 16S ribosomal RNA gene PCR primers for classical and next-generation sequencing-based diversity studies. Nucleic Acids Res, 2013;41(1):e1.
  37. 37.Kubinyi E., Bel Rhali S., Sándor S., Szabó A., Felföldi T. Gut microbiome composition is associated with age and memory performance in pet dogs. Animals, 2020;10(9):1488. doi:10.3390/ani10091488
  38. 38.Li Q. et al. Gut dysbiosis and its associations with gut microbiota-derived metabolites in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease. mSystems, 2021;6. doi:10.1128/msystems.00111-21
  39. 39.Li Q., Lauber C.L., Czarnecki-Maulden G., Pan Y., Hannah S.S. Effects of the dietary protein and carbohydrate ratio on gut microbiomes in dogs of different body conditions. mBio, 2017;8(1):e01703-16.
  40. 40.Lin C.Y., Jha A.R., Oba P.M., Yotis S.M., Shmalberg J., Honaker R.W., Swanson K.S. Longitudinal fecal microbiome and metabolite data demonstrate rapid shifts and subsequent stabilization after an abrupt dietary change in healthy adult dogs. Anim Microbiome, 2022;4:46. doi:10.1186/s42523-022-00194-9
  41. 41.Mann E.R., Lam Y.K., Uhlig H.H. Short-chain fatty acids: linking diet, the microbiome and immunity. Nat Rev Immunol, 2024;24:577-595.
  42. 42.Masuoka H., Shimada K., Kiyosue-Yasuda T., Kiyosue M., Oishi Y., Kimura S., Yamada A., Hirayama K. Transition of the intestinal microbiota of dogs with age. Biosci Microbiota Food Health, 2017;36(1):27-31. doi:10.12938/bmfh.BMFH-2016-021
  43. 43.McGrath A.P., Motsinger L.A., Brejda J., Hancock L. Prebiotic fiber blend supports growth and development and favorable digestive health in puppies. Front Vet Sci, 2024;11:1409394.
  44. 44.Metabolic reprogramming, gut dysbiosis and nutrition intervention in canine heart disease. Front Vet Sci, 2022;9:791754.
  45. 45.Minamoto Y., Dhanani N., Markel M.E., Steiner J.M., Suchodolski J.S. Prevalence of Clostridium perfringens, C. perfringens enterotoxin and dysbiosis in fecal samples of dogs with diarrhea. Vet Microbiol, 2014;174(3-4):463-473.
  46. 46.Minamoto Y., Otoni C.C., Steelman S.M. et al. Alteration of the fecal microbiota and serum metabolite profiles in dogs with idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. Gut Microbes, 2015;6(1):33-47.
  47. 47.Mondo E., Barone M., Soverini M. et al. Gut microbiome structure and adrenocortical activity in dogs with aggressive and phobic behavioral disorders. Heliyon, 2020;6(1):e03311.
  48. 48.Moon C.D., Young W., Maclean P.H., Cookson A.L., Bermingham E.N. Metagenomic insights into the roles of Proteobacteria in the gastrointestinal microbiomes of healthy dogs and cats. MicrobiologyOpen, 2018;7(5):e00677.
  49. 49.Moxon R. et al. Randomised controlled trial finds no evidence that a synbiotic improves health in assistance dog puppies. Vet Rec, 2026.
  50. 50.Panasevich M.R., Kerr K.R., Dilger R.N. et al. Modulation of the faecal microbiome of healthy adult dogs by inclusion of potato fibre in the diet. Br J Nutr, 2015;113(1):125-133.
  51. 51.Pellowe S.D., Zhang A., Bignell D.R.D., Peña-Castillo L., Walsh C.J. Gut microbiota composition is related to anxiety and aggression scores in companion dogs. Sci Rep, 2025;15:24336. doi:10.1038/s41598-025-06178-4
  52. 52.Pilla R., Suchodolski J.S. The role of the canine gut microbiome and metabolome in health and gastrointestinal disease. Front Vet Sci, 2020;6:498.
  53. 53.Pilot evaluation of a single oral fecal microbiota transplantation for canine atopic dermatitis. 2023. PMC10230478
  54. 54.Probiotics ameliorate atopic dermatitis by modulating the dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in dogs. 2025. PMC12012994
  55. 55.Reducing bias in microbiome research: comparing methods from sample collection to sequencing. Front Microbiol, 2023. PMC10101209
  56. 56.Sandri M., Dal Monego S., Conte G., Sgorlon S., Stefanon B. Raw meat based diet influences faecal microbiome and end products of fermentation in healthy dogs. BMC Vet Res, 2017;13:65.
  57. 57.Scahill K., Jessen L.R., Prior C. et al. Efficacy of antimicrobial and nutraceutical treatment for canine acute diarrhoea: systematic review and meta-analysis for ENOVAT guidelines. Vet J, 2024;303:106054.
  58. 58.Schmitz S., Suchodolski J.S. Understanding the canine intestinal microbiota and its modification by pro-, pre- and synbiotics – what is the evidence? Vet Med Sci, 2016;2(2):71-94.
  59. 59.Serum trimethylamine N-oxide as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in dogs with chronic kidney disease: a pilot study. 2025. PMC12345525
  60. 60.Species-level characterization of the core microbiome in healthy dogs using full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Front Vet Sci, 2024. PMC11404154
  61. 61.Suchodolski J.S. Analysis of the gut microbiome in dogs and cats. Vet Clin Pathol, 2022;50(S1):6-17.
  62. 62.Suchodolski J.S. Diagnosis and interpretation of intestinal dysbiosis in dogs and cats. Vet J, 2016;215:30-37.
  63. 63.Suchodolski J.S., Camacho J., Steiner J.M. Analysis of bacterial diversity in the canine duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon by comparative 16S rRNA gene analysis. FEMS Microbiol Ecol, 2008;66(3):567-578.
  64. 64.Suchodolski J.S., Dowd S.E., Wilke V., Steiner J.M., Jergens A.E. 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing reveals bacterial dysbiosis in the duodenum of dogs with idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. PLoS ONE, 2012;7(6):e39333.
  65. 65.Suchodolski J.S., Markel M.E., Garcia-Mazcorro J.F. et al. The fecal microbiome in dogs with acute diarrhea and idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. PLoS ONE, 2012;7(12):e51907.
  66. 66.Sung C.H. et al. Validation of the canine dysbiosis index in 296 dogs. Animals, 2023.
  67. 67.Sung C.H., Marsilio S., Chow B. et al. Dysbiosis index to evaluate the fecal microbiota in healthy cats and cats with chronic enteropathies. J Feline Med Surg, 2022.
  68. 68.Sung C.H., Pilla R., Chen C.C., Ishii P.E., Toresson L., Allenspach-Jorn K., Jergens A.E., Summers S., Swanson K.S., Volk H., Schmidt T., Stuebing H., Rieder J., Busch K., Werner M., Lisjak A., Gaschen F.P., Belchik S.E., Tolbert M.K., Lidbury J.A., Steiner J.M., Suchodolski J.S. Correlation between targeted qPCR assays and untargeted DNA shotgun metagenomic sequencing for assessing the fecal microbiota in dogs. Animals, 2023;13(16):2597. doi:10.3390/ani13162597
  69. 69.Tanprasertsuk J., Jha A.R., Shmalberg J. et al. The microbiota of healthy dogs demonstrates individualized responses to synbiotic supplementation in a randomized controlled trial. Anim Microbiome, 2021;3:36.
  70. 70.Temporal variability is an inherent feature of the healthy canine microbiome assessed by full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing. 2025. PMC13069714
  71. 71.The gut microbiome in dogs with congestive heart failure: a pilot study. Sci Rep, 2020;10. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-70826-0
  72. 72.Understanding the diversity and roles of the canine gut microbiome. J Anim Sci Biotechnol, 2025;16. doi:10.1186/s40104-025-01235-4
  73. 73.Vilson Å., Ramadan Z., Li Q. et al. Disentangling factors that shape the gut microbiota in German Shepherd dogs. PLoS ONE, 2018;13(3):e0193507.
  74. 74.Waltham catalogue for the canine gut microbiome. Microbiome, 2026;14. doi:10.1186/s40168-025-02265-w
  75. 75.Wang S., Martins R., Sullivan M.C., Friedman E.S., Misic A.M., El-Fahmawi A., De Martinis E.C.P., O'Brien K., Chen Y., Bradley C., Zhang G., Berry A.S.F., Hunter C.A., Baldassano R.N., Rondeau M.P., Beiting D.P. Diet-induced remission in chronic enteropathy is associated with altered microbial community structure and synthesis of secondary bile acids. Microbiome, 2019;7:126. doi:10.1186/s40168-019-0740-4
  76. 76.Weese J.S. Microbiologic evaluation of commercial probiotics. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 2002;220(6):794-797.
  77. 77.Whittemore J.C., Stokes J.E., Laia N.L., Price J.M., Suchodolski J.S. Effects of synbiotics on the fecal microbiome and metabolomic profiles of healthy research dogs administered antibiotics: a randomized, controlled trial. Front Vet Sci, 2021;8:665713. doi:10.3389/fvets.2021.665713
  78. 78.Wilson S.M., Kang Y., Wren J.F., Menton J.F., Vinay E., Millette M., Kelly M.R., Xie Z., Miller M.J., Swanson K.S. Effects of Bacillus coagulans GBI-30, 6086 supplementation on apparent total tract nutrient digestibility and the fecal characteristics and metabolites, immunity, and microbiota of healthy adult dogs. J Anim Sci, 2025;103:skaf251. doi:10.1093/jas/skaf251
  79. 79.You I., Kim M.J. Comparison of gut microbiota of 96 healthy dogs by individual traits: breed, age and body condition score. Animals, 2021;11(8):2432.
  80. 80.Ziese A.L., Suchodolski J.S. Impact of changes in gastrointestinal microbiota in canine and feline digestive diseases. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract, 2021;51(1):155-169.

Felis catus

Riferimenti bibliografici — Gatto

Letteratura veterinaria sul microbiota del carnivoro obbligato: dieta secca e umida, enteropatie, linfoma intestinale, età e condizione corporea nel gatto.

  1. 1.Alessandri G., Milani C., Mancabelli L. et al. Deciphering the Bifidobacterial Populations within the Canine and Feline Gut Microbiota. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2020;86(7):e02875-19.
  2. 2.Allaband C., Ganz H.H., Rojas C.A. et al. Cats on dry kibble diet have significantly different microbiome than those on canned wet food. npj Vet Sci, 2026;1:1. doi:10.1038/s44433-025-00001-6
  3. 3.Badri D.V., Jackson M.I., Jewell D.E. Dietary protein and carbohydrate levels affect the gut microbiota and clinical assessment in healthy adult cats. J Nutr, 2021;151(12):3637-3650. doi:10.1093/jn/nxab308
  4. 4.Banchi P., Mila H., Selma-Royo M., Tal S., Péron F., Gaillard V. The perinatal microbiota in dogs and cats: a narrative review from human research to veterinary practice. Front Vet Sci, 2026;17. doi:10.3389/fvets.2026.1817504
  5. 5.Belchik S.E., Oba P.M., Lin C.Y., Swanson K.S. Effects of a veterinary gastrointestinal diet on fecal characteristics, metabolites, and microbiota concentrations of adult cats treated with metronidazole. J Anim Sci, 2024;102:skae274. doi:10.1093/jas/skae274
  6. 6.Bermingham E.N., Young W., Kittelmann S. et al. Dietary format alters fecal bacterial populations in the domestic cat (Felis catus). MicrobiologyOpen, 2013;2(1):173-181. doi:10.1002/mbo3.60
  7. 7.Bierlein M., Hedgespeth B.A., Azcarate-Peril M.A., Stauffer S.H., Gookin J.L. Dysbiosis of fecal microbiota in cats with naturally occurring and experimentally induced Tritrichomonas foetus infection. PLoS ONE, 2021;16:e0246957.
  8. 8.Bugrov N., Rudenko P., Lutsay V. et al. Fecal microbiota analysis in cats with intestinal dysbiosis of varying severity. Pathogens, 2022;11(2):234. doi:10.3390/pathogens11020234
  9. 9.Chen J., Fan W., Chen X. et al. Domestication shapes the gut microbial structure and metabolic function in felids: a metagenomic study of wild and domestic cats. Front Microbiol, 2026;17:1828152. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2026.1828152
  10. 10.de Azevedo C.S., Schork I.G., Passos L.F., Goodhead I., Young R.J. The domestic cat microbiome: mapping knowledge gaps through scientometric analysis in feline microbial research. Vet Res Commun, 2025;50(1):6. doi:10.1007/s11259-025-10953-z
  11. 11.Drut A., Mkaouar H., Kriaa A. et al. Gut microbiota in cats with inflammatory bowel disease and low-grade intestinal T-cell lymphoma. Front Microbiol, 2024;15:1346639. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1346639
  12. 12.Duarte A.M., Jenkins T.P., Latrofa M.S. et al. Helminth infections and gut microbiota – a feline perspective. Parasit Vectors, 2016;9(1):1-9.
  13. 13.Ganz H.H., Jospin G., Rojas C.A. et al. The Kitty Microbiome Project: defining the healthy fecal "core microbiome" in pet domestic cats. Vet Sci, 2022;9(11):635. doi:10.3390/vetsci9110635
  14. 14.Garraway K., Johannes C.M., Bryan A. et al. Relationship of the mucosal microbiota to gastrointestinal inflammation and small cell intestinal lymphoma in cats. J Vet Intern Med, 2018;32(5):1692-1702.
  15. 15.Gauthier B. Feline models for human obesity: insights from cat gut microbiota studies. J Gastroenterol Dig Dis, 2024;9(4):218.
  16. 16.Giordano M.V., Crisi P.E., Gramenzi A. et al. Fecal microbiota and concentrations of long-chain fatty acids, sterols, and unconjugated bile acids in cats with chronic enteropathy. Front Vet Sci, 2024;11:1401592. doi:10.3389/fvets.2024.1401592
  17. 17.Han B., Liang S., Sun J. et al. The effect of Lactobacillus plantarum on the fecal microbiota, short chain fatty acids, odorous substances, and blood biochemical indices of cats. Microorganisms, 2024;12:91.
  18. 18.Handl S., Dowd S.E., Garcia-Mazcorro J.F., Steiner J.M., Suchodolski J.S. Massive parallel 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing reveals highly diverse fecal bacterial and fungal communities in healthy dogs and cats. FEMS Microbiol Ecol, 2011;76(2):301-310.
  19. 19.Hong S., Choi J.H., Oh S. et al. Gut microbiota differences induced by Toxoplasma gondii seropositivity in stray cats in South Korea. Parasitol Res, 2023;122(10):2413-2421.
  20. 20.Ji Y., Yang Y., Wu Z. Programming of metabolic and autoimmune diseases in canine and feline: linkage to the gut microbiome. Microb Pathog, 2023;185:106436.
  21. 21.Karra D.A., Suchodolski J.S., Newman S.J. et al. Single enema fecal microbiota transplantation in cats with chronic enteropathy. J Vet Intern Med, 2025;39(3):e70054. doi:10.1111/jvim.70054
  22. 22.Kieler I.N., Osto M., Hugentobler L. et al. Diabetic cats have decreased gut microbial diversity and a lack of butyrate producing bacteria. Sci Rep, 2019;9(1):1-13.
  23. 23.Lei Z., Liu H., Zhang Y. et al. The Cat Gut Microbial Genome Collection reveals global structure of the feline gut microbiome. npj Biofilms Microbiomes, 2026. doi:10.1038/s41522-026-01088-3
  24. 24.Lyu Y., Su C., Verbrugghe A. et al. Past, present, and future of gastrointestinal microbiota research in cats. Front Microbiol, 2020;11:1661. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.01661
  25. 25.Ma X., Brinker E., Graff E.C. et al. Whole-genome shotgun metagenomic sequencing reveals distinct gut microbiome signatures of obese cats. Microbiol Spectr, 2022;10(3):e0083722. doi:10.1128/spectrum.00837-22
  26. 26.Ma X., Brinker E., Lea C.R. et al. Evaluation of fecal sample collection methods for feline gut microbiome profiling: fecal loop vs. litter box. Front Microbiol, 2024;15:1337917. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1337917
  27. 27.Ma Y., Hu Y., Zhang J. et al. The gut microbiome and metabolome of domestic cats were altered by the oral administration of complex probiotics. Biology, 2026;15(8):652. doi:10.3390/biology15080652
  28. 28.Marsilio S., Ackermann M.R., Lidbury J.A., Suchodolski J.S., Steiner J.M. Results of histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular clonality testing of small intestinal biopsy specimens from clinically healthy client-owned cats. J Vet Intern Med, 2019;33(2):551-558.
  29. 29.Marsilio S. Feline chronic enteropathy. J Small Anim Pract, 2021;62(6):409-419. doi:10.1111/jsap.13332
  30. 30.Marsilio S., Pilla R., Sarawichitr B. et al. Characterization of the fecal microbiome in cats with inflammatory bowel disease or alimentary small cell lymphoma. Sci Rep, 2019;9:19208. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-55691-w
  31. 31.Meazzi S., Stranieri A., Lauzi S. et al. Feline gut microbiota composition in association with feline coronavirus infection: a pilot study. Res Vet Sci, 2019;125:272-278.
  32. 32.Miller J., Zebrowska-Rózanska P., Czajkowska A. et al. Faecal microbiota and fatty acids in feline chronic enteropathy. BMC Vet Res, 2023;19(1):1-11. doi:10.1186/s12917-023-03824-9
  33. 33.Minamoto Y., Hooda S., Swanson K.S., Suchodolski J.S. Feline gastrointestinal microbiota. Anim Health Res Rev, 2012;13(1):64-77. doi:10.1017/S1466252312000060
  34. 34.Nealon N.J., Summers S., Quimby J., Winston J.A. Untargeted metabolomic profiling of serum from client-owned cats with early and late-stage chronic kidney disease. Sci Rep, 2024;14(1):4755. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-55249-5
  35. 35.Paßlack N., Büttner K., Vahjen W., Zentek J. Impact of the dietary fat concentration and source on the fecal microbiota of healthy adult cats. Metabolites, 2025;15(4):215. doi:10.3390/metabo15040215
  36. 36.Paßlack N., Thies L.V., Vahjen W., Zentek J. Effects of the protein concentration and quality in a canned diet on the fecal microbiota of healthy adult cats. Metabolites, 2022;12(2):105. doi:10.3390/metabo12020105
  37. 37.Pilla R., Suchodolski J.S. The gut microbiome of dogs and cats, and the influence of diet. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract, 2021;51:605-621. doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2021.01.002
  38. 38.Pimienta M., Florez-Rios H., Patiño-Montoya A. et al. Applied metagenomic profiling of domestic cat feces from Cali, Colombia: an exploratory approach. Appl Microbiol, 2025;5:67. doi:10.3390/applmicrobiol5030067
  39. 39.Ren Q., Li Y., Duan M. et al. In vitro modeling of feline gut fermentation: a comprehensive analysis of fecal microbiota and metabolic activity. Front Microbiol, 2025;16:1515865. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2025.1515865
  40. 40.Ritchie L.E., Steiner J.M., Suchodolski J.S. Assessment of microbial diversity along the feline intestinal tract using 16S rRNA gene analysis. FEMS Microbiol Ecol, 2008;66(3):590-598.
  41. 41.Rochus K., Janssens G.P.J., Hesta M. Dietary fibre and the importance of the gut microbiota in feline nutrition: a review. Nutr Res Rev, 2014;27(2):295-307. doi:10.1017/S0954422414000213
  42. 42.Rodríguez-Trujillo R., Batista-Arteaga M., Isupova K. et al. Neonatal gut microbiota in puppies and kittens: from maternal transmission to immune development. Animals, 2026;16(9):1307. doi:10.3390/ani16091307
  43. 43.Rowe J.C., Winston J.A., Parker V.J. et al. Gut microbiota promoting propionic acid production accompanies caloric restriction-induced intentional weight loss in cats. Sci Rep, 2024;14:11901. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-62243-4
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L’analisi del microbiota intestinale non è utilizzabile da sola per formulare una diagnosi. I riferimenti bibliografici hanno lo scopo di contestualizzare i risultati e supportare il medico veterinario nell’interpretazione del profilo microbico del paziente.

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